英文论文摘要模板
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法律论文摘要英文翻译
商业特许经营“冷静期”条款之法律探析
Legal Research on the“Cooling off Clause” in Commercial Franchise
标题中，分析通常说“Analysis of”, 研究则说“Researchon”或者“Study on。标题尽量不要使用动词短语，更不能使用疑问句!要尽量将其名词化。
摘 要
Abstract
固定说法，只有这一个
国务院2007年颁布施行的《商业特许经营管理特许条例》(以下称“《特许条例》”)第十二条规定，特许人和被特许人应当在特许经营合同中约定，被特许人在特许经营合同订立后一定期限内，可以单方解除合同。
The Regulation onthe Administration of Commercial Franchises (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulation”)was promulgated by the State Council in 2007. Article 12 of the Regulation regulates “The franchiser and thefranchisee shall stipulate in the franchise contract that the franchisee mayunilaterally rescind the contract within a certain term after the franchisecontract has been concluded.”
首先要学会断句。汉语常用长句，将意义整合于一体，一句话表达很多意思。英语则首先强调逻辑和意思清晰，如果说不清楚，则一句话表达一个意思。如上例。
此处，生词不再一一解释，感兴趣者可以自学，但建议学会“以下简称”的正确说法。
学界将这一条款称为“冷静期”条款，即在特许经营合同订立后赋予被特许人在一定期限内享有单方面解除合同的权利，这是冷静期制度在我国商业特许经营领域的首次立法尝试，亦是参考了国外关于冷静期的立法例。
This article is generally called the “Cooling off Clause” inthe law research field, which means after the binding of the franchisecontract, the franchisee shall be entitled to dissolve the contractunilaterally in a certain period. This is the first legislative establishmentof “Cooling off Rules” in domestic commercial franchises domain. It is also ademonstration of referencing international legislations in commercialfranchises.
此处译者不完全赞同原作者的陈述。因为个人感觉此处陈述是对前述的重复。
但为保证摘要顺利翻译，和帮助作者实现摘要目的，译者需要站在作者角度，“替作者发声”，对本句进行必要的阐述。
同样，此句汉语过长，需要进行内容上的断句。同时译者需要对汉语句中的主要信息做出准确判断，将其归入英语句中的主句，而将次要信息归入从句及附加成分中。
该用被动语态的地方一定要用。不要全文主动语态到底。
另外，关于新生术语，需要进行准确定义。因为大多新生法律术语，均源自美国，故需要从英文法律网站中进行查找。此处推荐搜索引擎bing.com和北大法宝。
该条款体现了对处于相对弱势地位的被特许人利益倾斜性的立法保护，以实现特许经营双方缔约能力上的实质平衡，达到追求契约实质公平的民法原则。
This clause offers a legislative protection on thefranchisee in the weak position and the interest balance in order to maintainthe substantive balance between the two parties in the contract and achieve thefundamental principle of equality in civil law.
翻译时不必完全字对字直译，如“体现”不一定就要说“reflect”。只要意思表达准确，到位，就不一定要拘泥于字对字。
然而该冷静期条款在司法实践中却出现了认定标准不统一，权利性质无法界定，法官裁量不一等问题，从而引发适用上的混乱。
In the legal practice, however, an inconformity of the regulation has appeared,such as, the inconsistent standards, the unjustifiable definition of therights, and judges` subjectivediscretion etc.
真的高手，不总是以“however”开头，原因不解释。
列举时“such as… ”开头，“etc.”结尾。
本文将从阐述冷静期的概念及国外相关的法律规定开始，剖析《特许条例》第十二条的立法意图与理论基础，着重分析被特许人单方面合同解除权的权利性质、行使方式、行使的法律后果、滥用合同解除权的限制，排除约定和没有约定单方面合同解除权的`应如何处理等问题，从法学理论的角度全面、深度地阐述冷静期制度。
This paper first introduces the concept of Cooling off Rules and therelevant regulations in the world. By analyzing the theoretical foundation andlegislation intent of the Cooling off Clause (Article 12) in China, the nature of therights of unilaterally rescinding the contract by the franchisee, the means andconsequences of such performance, the restrictions of the abuse of the right torescind the contract, the exclusion agreement and the non-consensus on the ofunilaterally contract rescinding are respectively and thoroughly discussed inthe paper from the perspectives of legal theories.
此处同上，注意术语翻译的准确性。
借鉴国外关于冷静期制度的立法经验，尤其是澳大利亚在特许经营领域的法律规定，针对界定被特许人单方解约权之性质及行使方式，科学规定“冷静期”长短及起算点，明确“冷静期”期限及法律后果，设置防止权利滥用之条款等内容进行体系化的一整套制度设计，提出完善我国商业特许经营领域冷静期立法的设想，使其更加科学、合理，更具司法操作性，促进我国商业特许经营的健康发展。
The author suggests exploiting the legislative experience in the world onthe Cooling off Rules, especially the successful legal practice inAustralia. The nature and means of the right of the unilaterally contractrescinding should be seriously stipulated. A reasonable calculation of thelength of “Cooling-off” period, the statute of limitations, and the legalconsequences should be regulated clearly and confirmatively. A set ofregulation designs to prevent from the abuse of the Clause should also besystematically built. The author also offers some possible improvements on thisfield with the intention of upgrading its practicality and advancing thewell-rounded development of domestic commercial franchises.
此汉语长句，共有8个逗号，这在英语中几乎是无法想象，因此译者必须进行按意义进行断句，故英语分成5句处理。
第一句汉语以“借鉴……”开头，属于无主句，没有主语的句子，这在英语中绝对不能接受，故在翻译时要加上主语“the author suggests……”。
同时注意主被动语态的合理运用。提示：被动语态是处理无主句的好办法。
最后一句还是无主句，依上例进行处理。
关键词 商业特许经营，冷静期，合同解除，契约自由，实质公平
Key Words: commercial franchise, cool off period, contract rescinding,freedom of contract, substantive equality
关键词，建议采用较为正式的说法“Key Words”，同时个数不要超过五个。
随附：作为一名合格的译者，不能只给出单语版，而应出具双语版和目的语单语版，以供客户进行proof reading。同时，最好给出参考链接，著名翻译的出处和参考理由，以供客户进行鉴定。
参考链接
Regulation on the Administration of Commercial Franchises[Effective]
商业特许经营管理条例 [现行有效]
http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=5873&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c9%cc%d2%b5%cc%d8%d0%ed%be%ad%d3%aa%b9%dc%c0%ed%cc%f5%c0%fd
FindLaw.com Cancelinga Sale: The Cooling-Off Period
http://consumer.findlaw.com/consumer-transactions/canceling-a-sale-the-cooling-off-period.html
百度百科
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=73B-HocyY7nvN0z1nxrBdZKACJR1hi9NmHMDxEDeZ3hJ-F1zHu0Fp4HYSacuc15IDt6LSECoQg1I6E5w5bOB-K
博士论文英文摘要
THE AGENDA SETTING OF USER GENERATD CONTENT (UGC) IN SELECTED POPULAR SOCIAL MEDIE
abstract
Nowadays, Agenda setting of social media (China Sina Weibo)influences the publicopinion in China. The aimd of this research is to rivse the classical theory of agenda-setting under new media (UGC) context.The apply research focuses on current new situation of China UGC in reality (China view and international view).This thesis (done through virtual observation fieldwork and other aiding
methods) proposes a hypothesis of agenda setting of User Generated Content (UGC)
of social media is determined entirely by the public through two stages: individual
posting and the number of forwarding (N times). It revises the classic agenda setting
theory in a new context of social media. It is a theoretical and methodological breakthrough for social media study. In addition, the application of second levelagenda setting of this study uses framing comparative analysis on the UGC agenda in
Malaysia and China using Mandarin language regarding flood event. The findings show not only China but Malaysia UGC are also different from traditional media
where two fields of opinion exist, but they vary considerably due to political partisan ship in Malaysia UGC. The official portal of government on Weibo guides public opinion effectively in China through the UGC platform. In contrast to the Malaysia, ruling party’s official portals on that has little influence on the public. For the first level agenda setting, fantasy theme analysis also used to study China UGC agenda setting in building the digital media democracy. The study also found three models of media public practice of digital media democracy in China namely, lifting the curtain, dialogue and deconstruction. This study established a new research paradigm of agenda setting in social media.
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