英语论文答辩陈述

英语论文答辩陈述（通用10篇）

　　在平时的学习、工作中，许多人都有过写论文的经历，对论文都不陌生吧，论文是一种综合性的文体，通过论文可直接看出一个人的综合能力和专业基础。怎么写论文才能避免踩雷呢？下面是小编整理的英语论文答辩陈述，希望对大家有所帮助。

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇1

　　Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***.

　　With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

　　The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

　　in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times .

　　Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.

　　I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certainhistory and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

　　Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

　　This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study.

　　Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods.

　　Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，

　　that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love.

　　Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

　　Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇2

　　Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

　　The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure.

　　And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

　　So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

　　I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

　　The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

　　So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

　　Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts. Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

　　Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

　　Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

　　Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

　　Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation andimprove the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇3

　　Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

　　The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

　　Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

　　Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

　　Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

　　Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

　　Part four is the findingsfromresearch data. After analyzing the data with Excel2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

　　Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefitsfromdrama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

　　OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇4

　　Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.

　　Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.

　　The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.

　　The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.

　　The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.

　　The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

　　Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇5

　　Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇6

　　Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class * * * *, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt tribute.Below I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.

　　First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.

　　Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements^. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy forms.And it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan K.Ghosh has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden Notebook.While the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.

　　Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.

　　Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.

　　The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.

　　Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.

　　The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.

　　Thank you very much!

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇7

　　good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇8

　　In Brave New World, British novelist, Aldous Huxley, describes a perfect society 600 years in the future. With advanced technology, people live prosperous, material lives in their society. There is no coldness, starvation, and disease. However, as World State’s motto declares: “community, identity, stability,” (p. 1) there is no individual freedom, no personal thought, and no religions under the totalitarian reign. People even have no real sentiment for each other. In addition, there are lots of absurd rules for the purpose of consolidating stability in the community. For example, people are forbidden to read books, because they might learn something from them and start to think. Thinking threatens the stability of the society since people are difficult to control when they think for themselves. What is called a brave new world is actually an inhuman and horrible society. Therefore, people become discontented and resist the new world. There are two kinds of people both from inside and outside the new world. They try to against non-humanity of the new world, but the former get exiled, and the latter is forced to suicide. These facts explain that independent people have no place to stay in this new world. The brave new world is an inhuman world killing people’s personality and individual liberty.

　　Not all of the social members agree with the new world’s values and morality although the controller brainwash people by various methods. A few of them refuse to live mindlessly in a society which is full of material and carnality. Bernard Marx and Helmholtz Watson are this kind of people. They are friends since they can exchange information about this serious topic, the personality. They gradually express their individual consciousness when they think of pursuing a free life. Unfortunately, both of them get expelled in the end.

　　Marx is a complicated character in the novel. He looks smaller than normal Alphas because alcohol was carelessly blended in his blood when he was in embryo period. The small stature causes he is not attractive to girls. He feels inferior about that so that he does not get on well with other people. Since Marx does not contact with the new world’s members too much, he always has some “strange” thought in his mind. For example, when Marx is persuaded to see a wrestling in a crowd, he drearily tells Lenina: “I’d rather be myself…myself and nasty. Not somebody else, however jolly” (p. 77). Marx wants independence even though it is harder than the life in the new world. As a typical new world’s member, Lenina cannot understand what Marx’s meaning. She also feels horrible and awful when she knows Marx does not want to be “a part of something else…a cell in the social body” (p. 78). The World State’s government is afraid that members create individual and independent consciousness. A person with personality means he might doubt the main idea the society encouraged, and further resist the social system. Therefore, Marx is treated as “an enemy of Society, a subverter” (p. 129). He is dismissed by Bloomsbury Centre and sent to Iceland in case he influences other members’ mind.

　　Another eccentric in the new world is Helmholtz Watson. He is a great emotional engineer of the community. He is smart and works hard, and he makes outstanding achievements. Compare with Marx’s physical defect, Watson’s dissatisfaction of the new world comes from his extra power. Huxley explains: “by all the current standards, a mental excess, became in its turn a cause of wider separation. That which had made Helmholtz so uncomfortably aware of being himself and all alone was too much ability” (p. 58). His high intelligence increases his aloneness because he found he is different with other people in the society. He suddenly lost interesting on sex and social activities, and he finds that he is interested in something else. He tells Marx: “I’ve been cutting all my committees and all my girls. You can imagine what a hullabaloo they’ve been making about it at the College. Still, it’s been worth it” (p. 59). Watson’s unusual behaviors explain that he is tired of living with “infantile decorum.” The betrayal to the new world implies that Watson wants to pursue an independent life he is more satisfied. Since Watson wants individual freedom, he is regarded a danger person who waver the stability of the society. So Watson cannot stay in the new world as well. The Controller has to exile him to Falkland Island to protect their absolute authority.

　　From the outside of the new world, the Savage, John, affect the new world’s development. He grows up in an Indian reservation and accepts normal education. He cannot understand how people can live in this new world. It is a terrible society without freedom, personality, morality, and love to him. A person likes John who has belief, pursues individual freedom, needs moral constraint cannot live in this world although the members always happy and live well. The conversation between John and the Controller shows John’s attitude of life: “But I don’t want comfort, I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin…I’m claiming the right to be unhappy” (p. 211). Only material life cannot satisfy John, what he need is personal liberty. He not only asks freedom for himself, but also tries to help people in the new world to be men. He throws all the soma, which is a kind of drugs making people forget all the trouble, out into the area. He teaches people do not to be slaves but men. However, he is so powerless to change their way of living that be beat up by Deltas coming to get soma. Finally, John cannot stand people’s ignorance and live in a remote lighthouse to shelter him from the pollution of the new world. Unfortunately, John commits suicide at end of the story because he cannot get rid of being harassed by the reporters from the society.

　　Brave New World opens up a dark picture of a new world in the future. Citizens of the World State live in an inhuman world under autocratic totalitarianism. Their thoughts have been controlled by various kinds of technology since they are cultured in the battles. This new world cannot contain any personal consciousness like Lenina says: “when the individual feels, the community reels” (p. 81). The Controller prevents people from creation of personality by satisfying people’s feeling desire. However, Marx and Watson are exceptions. They pursue free lives but meets with banishment. Moreover, John uses death to accuse the brave new world of killing people’s personality and individual liberty. There is no complete independence in the brave new world.

　　Work Citation

　　Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2007. Print.

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇9

　　Abstract: The paper holds the view that the philosophical concept of intersubjectivity should be an important guiding principle for translation studies. According to intersubjective theory, the paper studies the two strategies of domestication and foreignization in translation and points out that neither of the two strategies should be adhered to rigidly and the practice of either should partly depend on the constrained factors in translation and the relationship between them is one of unity of opposites and the influence of either does not concentrate on one way only but two ways or intersubjective.

　　Key words: intersubjectivity; translation; domestication; foreignization

　　I．

　　From a philosophical and psychological perspective, intersubjectivity is predicated upon the possibility of sameness and upon recognition of difference. The intersubjective model of two subjects should exist in reciprocal relation to one another and establish relationships based on intersubjective mutuality, in which each partner encounters the other as an equal subject, not an object. Therein, for example, two people are said to communicate with one another as an I and a Thou if their encounter is determined by immediacy, directness and mutuality, not by domination and dependency or, both partners recognize and respond to the being of the other as a subject. Instead of taking individual autonomy as a goal, intersubjectivity assumes that the individual exists within the context of continuing relationship to others. The issue, then, is not how we dissociate ourselves from others, but rather, how we engage the other in relationship.

　　The merging and loss of individual subjectivities defines the nature of intersubjective relations. Intersubjectivity cannot be motivated by a cycle of domination and dependence. On the contrary, it is a relationship in which the identity of the individual subject is not only confirmed, but is allowed to develop. If intersubjectivity is not prefaced by an acknowledgement of the other’s autonomy, then the potential for mutuality will give way to a relation of domination and control. Reciprocity cannot be achieved through submission, obedience or repression; it relies on the autonomy of individual subjects. Without awareness of difference, reciprocity is not possible, because otherness is reduced to sameness.

　　When others are described as objects for self-realization or as the means to self-discovery and self-recognition, the language of relationships is drained of attachment, intimacy, and engagement. The self, although placed in a context of relationships, is defined in terms of separation. In other words, the possibility of my self-expansion through the other is directly related to equality and mutuality between both partners. Or to put it differently, differences and sameness must exist simultaneously.

　　Intersubjective reciprocity demands that the other subject be seen as different, yet alike and, recognition must always be accompanied by acknowledgement of difference. Recognition of otherness is necessary in order that two persons can continue to exist, each for themselves, in reciprocal relation to each other. The otherness of both partners in relation provides a key understanding to the nature of intersubjective reciprocity. Intersubjective reciprocity must always be predicated upon acknowledgement of the other’s alterity. Without affirmation of difference, the other will become dominated and dependent, or be reduced to a mere third person, one who stands over and against me. By elucidating the interrelation of separateness and togetherness, intersubjectivity provides a framework within which to understand the structure and importance of reciprocity in an intersubjective relation.

　　The turn to an intersubjective way of looking at things leads in the matter of “subjectivity” to a surprising result: the consciousness that is centered, as it seems, in the ego is not something immediate or purely inward. Rather, self-consciousness forms itself on the path from without to within, through the symbolically mediated relationship to a partner in interaction. To this extent, it possesses an intersubjective core; its eccentric position attests to the tenacious dependence of subjectivity upon language as the medium through which one recognizes oneself in the other in a non-objectifying manner.

　　A theory of intersubjectivity must recognize both human plurality and singularity. Acknowledgment of the radical alterity of individuals does not, though, imply that the self and other are completely impenetrable to each other. In my view, subjective and intersubjective theory should not be seen in opposition to one another—as they usually are—but as interrelated ways of understanding the nature of human reality. The crucial point is that they focus on different aspects of conscious experience that are too interdependent simply to be separated from one another. While this may seem obvious, it may have demonstrated the degree of divergence that exists between conceptualizations of the human self in terms of autonomy on the one hand, and relation on the other. The importance of relation to individual existence clearly can not be underestimated. Intersubjectively, individual self-consciousness and intersubjectivity exist simultaneously, so that there is neither the possibility of merging, nor the loss of individual separateness. Intersubjectivity, therefore, bases on caring and mutuality presupposes the capacity for listening, understanding, and resolving conflict and, reciprocity is only possible in so far as there is a willingness and ability to acknowledge the particular needs and desires of the other in his/her otherness. Human experience is at once grounded in a sense of separateness and togetherness, which is both subjective and intersubjective. Only by recognizing the complex interconnections between subjectivity and intersubjectivity can we begin to understand the intrinsic relation between ourselves and other human beings.

　　In the above analyses of the role and significance of language in human self-development and intersubjective relations, the perspectives offered by philosophy and psychology are rich in potential. They have fostered a deeper understanding of the complex relations that exist between language, subjectivity and intersubjectivity. In the course of examining the views of subjectivity and intersubjectivity from a philosophical and psychological perspective, questions have been raised about the ways in which they carry out the linguistic turn in translating work. Although the above analysis is chiefly philosophical and psychological in scope, it is my hope that it will enable us to recognize the considerable parallels between philosophy and psychoanalytic theory and its application to the field of translation study. Intersubjectivity should be a general guiding principle for the subjectivities in modern society and especially should be an important guiding principle for translation and a new perspective for translation studies.

　　II．

　　Most translators in translation history chose a fluent, domesticating method that inscribes the foreign text with target-language values, both linguistic (fluency) and cultural (for example, in a Judeo-Christian monotheism - “writing ‘God’ for ‘Zeus’” by Fitts in One Hundred Poems From the Palatine Anthology 1938) in spite of a varied range of concepts, beliefs, and ideologies in source language. It was regarded that the reader ought, if possible, to forget that it is a translation at all, and to be lulled into the illusion that he is reading an original work. Of course a necessary inference from such a principle is, that whatever has a foreign color is undesirable and is even a grave defect. The translator, it seems, must carefully obliterate all that is characteristic of the original, unless it happens to be identical in spirit to something already familiar in target language. The few translators who chose to resist these values by developing a foreignizing method, taking up the innovations to signify the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text, from time to time encountered condemnation and neglect and thus, the ways in this cultural situation constrained the translator’s activity. Certainly in translation the translator should desire the reader always to remember that his work is an imitation, and moreover is in a different material; that the original is foreign, and in many respects extremely unlike our native compositions.

　　There are two maxims in translation: one requires that the author of a foreign nation be brought across to readers in such a way that readers can look on him as theirs; the other requires that readers should go across to what is foreign and adapt ourselves to its conditions, its use of language, its peculiarities. Interestingly, from the translation history,it can be learned that the domestic cultural and political agenda that guided the work of these translators did not entirely efface the differences of the foreign texts. On the contrary, the drive to domesticate was also intended to introduce rather different foreign ideas and forms into target language so that it would be able to compete internationally and struggle against the hegemonic countries. As a result, the recurrent analogies between classical target culture and modern foreign values usually involved a transformation of both. In fact translation is a process by which the chain of signifiers that constitutes the source-language text is replaced by a chain of signifiers in the target language which the translator provides on the strength of an interpretation. Because meaning is an effect of relations and differences among signifiers along a potentially endless chain (polysemous, intertextual, subject to infinite linkages), it is always differential and deferred, never present as an original unity. Both foreign text and translation are derivative: both consist of diverse linguistic and cultural materials that neither the foreign writer nor the translator originates, and that destabilizes the work of signification, inevitably exceeding and possibly conflicting with their intentions. Accordingly, a foreign text is the site of many different semantic possibilities that are fixed only temporarily in any one translation, on the basis of varying cultural assumptions and interpretive choices, in specific social situations, in different historical periods. Meaning is a plural and contingent relation, not an unchanging unified essence, and therefore a translation cannot be judged according to mathematics-based concepts of semantic equivalence or one-to-one correspondence. Appeals to the foreign text cannot finally adjudicate between competing translations in the absence of linguistic error, because canons of accuracy in translation, notions of “fidelity” and “freedom”, are historically determined categories. Even the notion of “linguistic error” is subject to variation, since mistranslations, especially in literary texts, can be not merely intelligible but significant in the target-language culture. The viability of a translation is established by its relationship to the cultural and social conditions under which it is produced and read. This relationship points to the violence that resides in very purpose and activity of translation: the reconstitution of the foreign text in accordance with values, beliefs and representations that preexist in the target language, always configured in hierarchies of dominance and marginality, always determining the production, circulation, reception of text. Translation is the forcible replacement of the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text with a text that will be intelligible to the target-language reader. This difference can never be entirely removed, of course, but it necessarily suffers a reduction and exclusion of possibilities. Whatever difference the translation conveys is now imprinted by the target-language culture, assimilated to its positions of intelligibility, its canons and taboos, its codes and ideologies. The aim of translation is to bring back a cultural other as the same, the recognizable, even the familiar; and this aim always risks a wholesale domestication of the foreign text, often in highly self-conscious projects, where translation serves an appropriation of foreign cultures for domestic agendas, cultural, economic, political. Of course, at the same time, foreignizing translation method could never be entirely free of domestic values and agendas. If the foreignizing strategies deviated too widely from prevailing domestic values in the reception of archaic texts, for example, especially scholarly annotation and fluent discourse, omitting annotations can of course signal the cultural difference of the foreign texts, insisting on their foreignness with all the discomfort of incomprehension.

　　On the other hand, it is important not to view either the strategy of domestication or foreignization as simple inaccurate translations. Canons of accuracy and fidelity are always locally defined, specific to different cultural formations at different historical moments. A ratio of loss to gain inevitably occurs in the translation process and situates the translation in an equivocal relationship to the foreign text, never quite faithful, always somewhat free, never establishing an identity, always a lack and a supplement. Domesticating and foreignizing methods are thus viewed as the most effective way to control this equivocal relationship and produce versions adequate to the source text. Therefore, neither domestication nor foreignizaton should be adhered to rigidly and the practice of either should partly depend on the constrained factors mentioned above. The relationship between them is one of unity of opposites.

　　III．

　　Translation strategies can be defined as “foreignizing” or “domesticating” only in relation to specific cultural situations, specific moments in the changing reception of a foreign literature, or in the changing hierarchy of domestic values. In other words, determined by different factors, translations aim to be faithful to the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text to serve different factors and thus different strategies are led to translation.

　　1) If a translator is apt to adopt a foreignizing strategy, his idea may be that the discourses in translation should be as heterogeneous as possible. Here attention should be paid to “as heterogeneous as possible”. If translation makes the reader stop to think, or unduly attracts attention by difficulty or peculiarity, or disturbing the effect of the surrounding language, no word, however expressive and exact, should be employed. The foreignness must make the reader reassuringly familiar, easy to read. And this is the reception that the translations continue to get. If upon publication, a translated text is not an instant critical and commercial success in the culture for which it is translated, it probably wouldn’t be sought by target-language publishers. The project languages to translate it, therefore, should be controlled by the translator, who, in effect, must invent for target-language readers a foreign text that would otherwise be nonexistent to them.

　　In order to give the reader the sense that the text is a window onto the author, translators must manipulate what often seems to be a very resistant material, i.e., the language into which they are translating, in most cases the language they learned first, their mother tongue, but now also their own. When the translation is a poem in free verse, for example, varied rhythms that avoid jogtrot meters are needed to give the language a conversational quality, to make it sound natural. Linebreaks should not distort the syntax so much as to hinder the reader’s search for comprehension; they should rather support the syntactical continuity that gets him or her to read for meaning over the lines, pursuing the development of a coherent speaking voice, tracing its psychological contours. If the translation is too foreign to readers’ incomprehension, if anticipating this risk, glossary may be appended to the translation that provided definition for the words. Readers no doubt will find it useful when they take up other papers, in various genres, periods, dialects. In this way, foreignness can be preserved and at the same time the translated text can be easily accepted be readers. The translation may be also accompanied by bilingual publication if studied by some special readers, students or people who want to learn the source language or people who especially are keen on seeking the foreignness, for instance. It signifies the cultural difference of the foreign text by deviating from current target language usage and thereby sending the reader across the page to confront the foreign language. Driving the reader’s perception further into the original than it would without them have penetrated. But it must also be mentioned that readers can still feel that domestication translation is also powerful in delivering strangeness.

　　No doubt, the different reception of foreignness is due to many factors, cultural, economic, and ideological. And here I want to say that the fact that the films directed by Zhang Yimu like “Red Sorghum” and “Old Wells” were awarded international prizes accounting for the films satisfying the Westerners’ false impression of poverty and backwardness on China, is, of course, not the foreignness a translator should convey.

　　The traditional view of translation as an imitation or copy of an original text in a second language proves inadequate not only in practice, however, it also rests on falsely static view of language. Neither the assumption that a language (even a “dead” language)is unchanging and completely defined, nor that an individual work is complete, whole and identical to itself, if held up under scrutiny. For one thing, historical changes occur in the original language: the meanings of words change, and even idiomatic forms and expressions change over the years. There is also the likelihood that the visible features of a writer’s style will change in the eyes of posterity; seemingly obvious stylistic tendencies may become less perceptible, while those that were only immanent may become more evident or important to later generations of readers. Therefore the foreignness of the foreign text can only be seen what currently appears “foreign” in the target language culture.

　　2) If the translation wants to seek a foothold in foreign market and target readers are not familiar with the source culture, the translator might not ignore cultural differences by adhering too closely to its own values. In order to achieve cross-cultural communication, for example, in Chinese-English translation, domestication should be used as much as possible. The strategy, of course, is used in view of current situation that “Anglo-American readers are not so familiar with Chinese culture as Chinese readers are familiar with Anglo-American culture”(Zhang Nanfeng, 2000). For English readers, therefore, the English version of Chinese translation should not be too difficult for them to understand. To some degree it should let the English readers find the same other in the Chinese translation at the linguistic level and to find the foreignness at the cultural level so as to get as equal a communication as possible (But not to convey some backwardness purposefully as “Red Sorghum” mentioned above just to satisfy foreigners curiosity falsely). In this way sentences, and sometimes even groups of sentences, must often be turned inside-out and wherever references are incomprehensible to anyone not closely familiar with the Chinese scene, a few words of explanation have to be brought up into the text that would normally appear in a footnote.

　　3) Generally speaking, the two characteristics of a good translation are, that it should be faithful, and that it should be unconstrained. Faithful means rendering correctly the meaning of the original and exhibiting the general spirit which pervades it; unconstrained, means not betraying by its phraseology, by the collection of its words, or construction of its sentences that it is only a copy. The first thing, without doubt, which claims the translator’s attention, is to give a just representation of the sense of the original. This, it must be acknowledged, is the most essential of all. The second thing is, to convey into source language, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language that the author writes, the author’s spirit and manner, and, the very character of the author’s style. The third and last thing is, to take care, that the version has at least, so far the quality of an original performance, as to appear natural and easy, such as shall give no handle to the critic to charge the translator with applying words improperly, or in a meaning not warranted by use, or combining them in a way which renders the sense obscure, and the construction ungrammatical, or even harsh. But in practice, critical categories like “fluency” and “resistancy”, “domesticating” and “foreignizing”, can only be defined by referring to the formation of cultural discourses in which the translation is produced, and in which certain translation theories and practices are valued over others. In the light of translation history, the canons of translation underwent changes, requiring a translation to be both fluent and exact, to make for vivid and compulsive reading, but also to follow the foreign culture, especially hegemonic culture more closely. The case shows that the aim of translation is not to assess the “freedom” or “fidelity” of a translation, but rather to uncover the canons of accuracy by which it is produced and judged. Fidelity cannot be explained as mere semantic equivalence: on the one hand, the foreign text is susceptible to many different interpretations even at the level of the individual word; on the other hand, the translator’s interpretive choices answer to a domestic cultural situation and so always exceeds the foreign text. This does not mean that translation is forever banished to the realm of freedom or error, but that canons of accuracy are culturally specific and historically variable. Thus the translators’ different motives and methods used in translations can be more fully understood in the context of their other work, their lives, and their different historical moments.

　　IV．

　　Translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and poetics and as much manipulate literature to function in a given way. Rewriting is manipulation, undertaken in the service of power, and in its positive aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society. Rewritings can introduce new concepts, new genres, new devices and the history of translation is the history also of literary innovation, of the shaping power of one culture upon another. But rewriting can also repress innovation, distort and contain, and in an age of ever increasing manipulation of all kinds. On the one hand, translation wields enormous power in the construction of national identities for foreign cultures, and hence it potentially figures in ethnic discrimination, geopolitical confrontations, and colonialism terrorism war. On the other hand, translation enlists the foreign text in the maintenance or revision of literary canons in the target-language culture, inscribing poetry and fiction, for example, with the various poetic and narrative discourses that compete for cultural dominance in the target language. Translation also enlists the foreign text in the maintenance or revision of dominant conceptual paradigms, research methodologies, and clinical practices in target-language disciplines and professions, whether physics or architecture, philosophy or psychiatry, sociology or law. The study of the manipulative processes of literature as exemplified by translation can help us toward a greater awareness of the world in which we live. It is assumed that English culture has already attained a significant level of development, presumably in classical and romantic literature, which must be protected from foreign contamination and imposed universally, through a specifically English foreignization of world literature. Obviously this is not the case. In general, it can be said that Anglo-American culture has reaped the economic benefits of successfully imposing Anglo-American cultural values on a sizable foreign readership and it seems that they westernized the people concerned while it has been instrumental in producing domestic readers to be aggressively monolingual and culturally parochial.

　　Translation is the sheer play of difference: it constantly makes allusion to difference, dissimulates differences, but by occasionally revealing and often accentuating it, translation becomes the very life of this difference by the both strategies at both home and abroad. Since the domestic in developing countries tends to be a hybrid of global and local trends, translation can revise hegemonic values even when it seems to employ the most conservatively domesticating strategies -– strategies, in other words, that are designed to reinforce dominant indigenous traditions in the translating culture. Recall Lin Shu’s remarkable transvaluation of the imperialist subtexts in Rider Haggard’s novels: Sinicizing translations on behalf of the emperor eventually eroded the authority of imperial culture. And translation discourses that are radically foreignizing, that pursue linguistic and literary heterogeneity to promote cultural change, can reach beyond the narrow elite for which they were initially intended and exert a wider influence on vernaculars and popular forms. Recall Lu Xun’s reliance on the German romantic translation tradition, which ultimately contributed to the emergence of a Chinese vernacular literature that was both modernist and socialist.

　　英语论文答辩陈述 篇10

　　Last summer, under the guidance and help of our school I went to Beijing to fulfill my internship. The hotel is called Holiday Inn Beijing downtown. I was working as a bellboy at the concierge department which is belongs to the front office department. Before the internship, I don’t think that’s a big deal and nothing can discourage me. But when I start my internship, I found that there are still a lot of shortcomings I need to improve.

　　During the last semester, I was arranged to go to Holiday Inn Beijing Downtown to join the internship.

　　Before the internship, I was full of nervous, because I didn’t know whether I could do well in this job. I have no experience of internship. However, this time all things would be changed. I have to face a series of problems and solve them. I should equip myself with hard work spirit. Our internship was absolutely different from our college life, and we didn’t do our homework or take part in classes. It’s literally to experience the society, learning how to work, how to communicate with others, how to accomplish the job.

　　I was arranged in the concierge department. Everyday I just stand in the lobby. I was responsible to carry luggage for customers, help peoples who are in trouble in the lobby, help people open doors, etc. These were my daily job. Our job was same in total, and had small differences in detail. The leader would schedule our work time, altogether there are three shifts in total, A: from 7am to 3pm, B: 3pm to 11pm, C: 11pm to 7am of the next day.

　　The experience in Holiday Inn gave me the impression that everyone had his own position in this society, but wherever you were engaged in, you should love your job. Thus, you could do it better. You must be responsible for your job. For example my happiest thing was the customer felt satisfied with my service.

　　The internship indeed added my knowledge and eiched my social experience.

　　I feel delightful that I can accomplish the internship. Difficulties can make me become stronger. I’ve learned a lot of skills during this period of time such as communication skills and diplomatic skills. What’s more, I got many precious experiences and I started to know the disadvantage of myself.

　　Key Words: hotel internship experience

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