本科英语论文大纲

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　　英语专业本科毕业论文正文格式【1】

　　1. Introduction(小三，粗体)

　　A paragraph is a group of related sentences developing one central idea, or expressing one unit of thought. The typical paragraph is a discourse unit smaller than the complete essay but longer than the sentence, though graphs and one-paragraph essays.

　　This middle position makes the paragraph extremely important in essay writing. For one thing, it is possible to write a good essay only when we can write well-structured and well-connected paragraphs.

　　In fact, the paragraph may be regarded as mini-essay it shares many features with the complete essay. For another, producing a well-formed paragraph involves more than the ability to write correct and good sentences.

　　Therefore, for the beginning writers who have learnt the Basic English grammar and have acquired a workable vocabulary, the training in paragraph writing is the crucial first step towards writing well in English. (小四，1.5倍行距)

　　(标题不缩进;正文首行缩进两个字符)

　　注意页眉、页脚

　　2. The topic sentence

　　We have known the importance of paragraph writing, but how can we write a paragraph? First of all, we need to decide on our purpose; we need to decide in advance what idea we are trying to communicate in our paragraph; we need have a topic sentence, in most cases, to make our idea clear.

　　The topic sentence expresses our paragraph’s central idea or purpose, it indicates what the paragraph is about, or what it will describe or discuss. A good topic sentence serves as a guide, reminding the writer of the paragraph’s boundaries and, therefore, helping to assure a well-unified paragraph.

　　But what should an effective topic sentence be like? The following are some of topic sentences expressed in the form of a sacrament:

　　①Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.

　　②Television presents a vivid world in front of us.

　　③Writing an outline is an aid to organizing a composition.

　　④Exercise is important to the health.

　　⑤Spring is the most pleasant season of the year.

　　⑥Education is a glorious cause.

　　The above topic sentences are successful because they not only introduce limited topic but also give the writer’s opinion about each topic.

　　Here are two more topic sentences:

　　⑦Going to college is expensive.

　　⑧Northwestern is a university in Illinois.

　　Of the two topic sentences, ⑦is too general and ⑧is a factual one, so they allow no development. From above we know an effective topic sentence has three characteristics: it includes a subject and a controlling idea; it is limited; and it lends itself to development.

　　Topic sentence usually appears at the beginning, but may also be found in the middle or at the end, of a paragraph.

　　We can also see how every philosopher reflects the social life at his day. Plato and Aristotle, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, Thought man’s highest state was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St.

　　Thomas believed in a regular feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalist, found the key to progress in the survival of the fittest.

　　Thus Marxism is seen to fit into its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future

　　----J.B.S. Haldane

　　The topic sentence of this paragraph is the first sentence “Every philosopher reflects the social life of his day.”

　　When a writer places a topic sentence at the end of a paragraph, it often serves as a climax to the details that come before it. Biology major Ben Wright, in a paragraph from a report focusing on the benefits of genetic engineering, places the topic sentence last.

　　Recently scientists used a bacterium called agro bacterium tumefactions to transfer a special insect and disease resistant gene into the cells of walnut tree plants.

　　Texts proved that the insect and disease resistant characteristics at the special gene had been successfully in corporeity into the walnut plant’s genetic material. Clearly, this genetic feat has major implications for growers who produce American 300-million-a-year walnut crop, but moreover, it also has important implications for health-minded consumers’ when researchers are able to transfer insect and disease resistant genes o all food-bearing plants, then genetic engineering can be used to protect us from the poisonous insecticides and pesticides that growers use on their crops.

　　Sometimes, when a writer leaves out a topic sentence the discussion must be so clear that the controlling idea of the paragraph is strongly implied.

　　The room is located on the fifth floor of a high building. One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed. Facing it, in the corner behind the door, stands a cupboard loaded with pats, bowls, dishes, bottles and bags of rice and flour.

　　A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window. Behind the desk is a chair, the only one in the room; and it almost touches the boxes and trunk piled against the wall on the opposite side.

　　---- A student

　　All the details mentioned in the paragraph describe what the room looks like, it is a unified paragraph without a topic sentence.

　　In a word, it is unnecessary for a writer to care much about whether there is a topic sentence or not and where it is placed but the subject and controlling idea must be clear.

　　3. Coherence

　　Now we have had a controlling idea. How can we develop it into a good paragraph? Certain rules should be abided by which govern the construction of a paragraph, that is, a paragraph should be unified---with all its sentences relevant to the central idea, coherent---with its organization following a definite plan, and adequately explaining the central idea.

　　To achieve unity in a paragraph we must make each sentence in the paragraph contribute to the controlling.

　　Any sentence that violates this unity should be deleted. Now to make each sentence contribute to the controlling idea of our paragraph, we’d better prepare a rough outline before writing, so that any irrelevant sentences will be apparent. Study this in next paragraph with its outline.

　　The topic sentence:

　　Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.

　　Evidence:

　　①Fifty---volume

　　words.

　　②Author of the Deliration of Independence.

　　③Effect of his writing.

　　The paragraph:

　　Jefferson was a good tireless writer. His complete word, now being published for the first time, will fill more than 5 volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his, Millions have thrilled to his words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal

　　---Intensive College English Textbook, Band 2

　　So we can say this paragraph is unified because every sentence in it contribute to the controlling idea--- “Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.”

　　We have achieved unity of the paragraph, that is, all its sentences are relevant to the central idea. But what is the relationship between them? How should we arrange them? Therefore, we must think of coherence.

　　A coherent paragraph is one in which the relationship of any given sentences to the one before or after it is clear and the transitions between the sentences are smooth, we can take the following ways to get to coherence.

　　3.1 Arranging sentences(四号，粗体)

　　There are three commonly used, for example, to either describe or prescribe a step-by-step procedure: First connect the vacuum tube…then return the plate…finally close the contact bey… The most characteristic features of description in time order are:

　　Time adverbs and phrases:

　　In 1995, last week, at 10:00, first, second, soon, finally.

　　Verb tense sequencing:

　　Originally we wanted to…

　　More recently we have attempted to…

　　Grammatical parallelism:

　　Now we are trying to…

　　In the future we shall try to…

　　Space Order:

　　Descriptive paragraphs lend themselves quite easily to a special arrangement from left to right, from right to left, from near to far, from the central outward and so on. The following paragraph is part of an advertisement which describes where the house is and its atmosphere about it.

　　For Sale:

　　A beautiful 4-bedroomed house, built in 1979, on St.

　　Andrews Avenue. The house stands on its own in the middle of trees and open space, away from the rode. There is a large garden with a beautiful lawn and flower-beds. The house is only about 1 mile from the centre of the town, which has a large shopping centre, cinemas, and a theatre and so on. The railway station is also very close.

　　---Michael Carrier

　　Order of Climax:

　　The paragraph of climactic order arranges its basic materials from least to most important.

　　It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white. The wind was howling, Swirling and tumbling over lend of ice and snow, freezing and destroying whatever stood in its way.

　　A ragged misshapen army, cold, hungry and deceasing in size every day, was staging and struggling desperately for survival. The year was 1812. The army was the remnants of Napoleons expeditionary force which was with clawing from Russian after suffering its worst defeat.

　　---A student

　　If the fact told in the last sentence were mentioned in the first sentence, the total effect of the paragraph would be much weaker.

　　3.2 Linking sentences by using pronouns

　　A pronoun has no real meaning of its own; it depends on its antecedent. If a pronoun does not have a clear reference, then the reader dose not know what the pronouns mean. So we must do as the following:

　　3.2.1 Avoiding ambiguous references

　　①Ambiguous references:

　　Joe told Brenda that she had passed the exam.

　　②Clear references:

　　Joe told Brenda, “You have passed the exam.”

　　Joe told Brenda, “I have passed the exam.”

　　3.2.2 Avoiding remote or obscure references(小四，粗体)

　　A pronoun that is located too far from it antecedent will not have a clear meaning, nor will a pronoun that refers to an antecedent in the possessive case.

　　①Remote references:

　　Carrie went to the beach for her spring vacation. The sky was clear and temperature warm for the entire two weeks she was there. But it was two crowed that she could not enjoy herself.

　　②Clear references:

　　Carrie went to the beach for her spring vacation. The sky was clear and temperature warm for the entire two weeks she was there. But the beach was too crowed that she could not enjoy herself.

　　3.2.3 Avoiding broad references

　　①Broad references:

　　He was a good swimmer and he used it to earn money as a lifeguard.

　　②Clear references:

　　He was a good swimmer and he used his ability to earn money as a lifeguard.

　　3.2.4 Avoiding pronoun “it”

　　Awkward:

　　Although it is impractical for me to own a dog now, I have decided to get it anyway.

　　Clear:

　　Although it is impractical for me to own a dog now, I have decided to get one anyway.

　　①Link sentences by repeating key words or idea from the preceding sentences.

　　②Link sentences by using by such transitional expressions as however, but, therefore, furthermore, then, and to sum up.

　　③Link sentences by using parallel structure---that is, by repeating a sentence pattern.

　　外语学院英语专业毕业论文大纲【2】

　　一、总纲

　　毕业论文，是大学本科教学的最后一个环节。

　　是对整个大学阶段学习的回顾与总结，是学生综合能力的体现，也是对学生的一次语言及相关科学研究的一次基本训练，因此，要求学生以高度认真负责的态度对待此项工作。

　　做好毕业论文的指导工作是整个大学教学和教育的重要和必要内容，也是理论教学的重要组成部分。

　　每一位教师都要以高度的社会责任感和敬业精神投入到此项工作中去，指导学生顺利完成毕业论文任务。

　　二、毕业论文的阶段及要求

　　论文工作主要分以下几个阶段：准备(资料的收集与整理、阅读文献)、撰写提纲、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿与答辩。

　　(一)准备：学生可以自由选择研究范围(语言、文学、文化、社会问题、应用英语、经济、贸易、科技、社会生活等)，但要在教师的指导下对研究对象进行资料的收集整理和分析来确定毕业论文题目。

　　(二)撰写提纲：

　　学生在指导教师的指导下分析和研究所采集的资料的基础上，撰写毕业论文提纲。

　　同时也要求每一位指导教师在学生形成毕业论文提纲前一定要与每位被指导的学生进行讨论，毕业论文提纲应尽量做到全面缜密，理顺所要论述内容，避免以后反复修改。

　　(三)第一稿：要求学生必须严格按照指导教师审定后的毕业论文提纲进行写作,

　　不可自行其是，随意更换主题。

　　第一稿完成以后，指导教师主要检查学生是否按照既定的提纲和思想在写作，及时发现问题及时纠正。

　　如学生采取不认真的态度，指导教师应对其提出严肃的批评教育，拒不接受者，指导教师有权提出相应的处理意见，或交学院毕业论文工作小组处理。

　　如果指导教师不认真指导，随意放学生过关，以后阶段出现的问题由该教师本人负责。

　　(四)第二稿：要求学生不仅要继续补充第一稿之不足，同时要求在表达上要有所提高。

　　在接到第二稿以后，指导教师阅读后应指出存在的问题，以便学生及时改正。

　　(五)第三稿：要求学生在文风、文章格式、修辞等方面有所提高。

　　指导教师要对第三稿进行全面的审阅，并提出修改意见，以保证定稿打印时所有的错误和疏漏都得到更正，错误率控制在规定范围内。

　　同时，教师还要提醒学生在打印前再校对，以保证尽可能地将正确的版本打印出来。

　　(六)毕业论文答辩：毕业论文的答辩是毕业论文工作的最后阶段，要求学生予以充分的准备和重视。

　　论文答辩前，学生们必须充分熟悉论文，答辩时，要求学生能脱稿进行5~10分钟的毕业论文内容的陈述，并流利、准确地回答答辩委员提出的问题。

　　在答辩过程中，参加答辩的教师要对答辩人的语言技能(语音、语法、词汇、语用)、口笔头能力、论文内容和答辩的表现进行认真纪录，客观公正地评分。

　　二、毕业论文的内容：

　　毕业论文的内容可以涉及语言知识、与语言有关的问题(如，语言教学、文化等)和相关专业的知识和内容(如经济、贸易、管理、市场营销等)。

　　其他内容，须经论文审题小组集体审定。

　　学生有选择的论文内容的自由，指导教师可以提出建议，但不能代替学生做出决定。

　　论文内容要能反映社会和时代特征，具有理论价值或实践意义，有新颖性。

　　论文可以对某个理论问题的探讨，也可以是实践问题的解决。

　　论文不仅要反映学生的综合能力，而且要反映他们对相关问题的较为正确的论述，要有一定的独立见解。

　　论文必须做到主题明确、论据清晰、内容具体而充实，切忌空谈。

　　写翻译的论文，除实例分析外，还要提供原文的译文，以便弄清译论的依据。

　　如果论文是实践性的，它必须提出一定的解决途径、方案。

　　三、毕业论文的评审：

　　指导教师在对论文评定成绩时，要参照学生的学习成绩、平时表现出的语言水平和专业八级考试的成绩，以正确衡量学生真实的语言和认识水平。

　　指导教师对学生的毕业论文成绩提出异议，如不被采纳，可提交学院毕业论文工作小组商议和仲裁。

　　指导教师如发现学生的毕业论文有抄袭现象，应及时向学生指出，学生若不接受批评，指导教师应提交到学院毕业论文工作小组处理，严重者取消论文资格。

　　指导教师应杜绝送分的做法，也不可因个人原因影响对学生论文评价的客观性和公正性。

　　四、论文的格式：

　　论文的规格：正文长度 5，500—8，500 单词。

　　使用的语言：英语

　　论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

　　引文要注明出处。

　　直接引用要加引号，间接引文要以转述的方式出现。

　　然后以括号把引文来源写清楚：(作者名，年份，引文所在页码)

　　论文正文部分：

　　1、题目大写，三号字，新时代罗马字，大写下面可写一个附标题，4号字;

　　2、作者名，5号字，班级，学号

　　3、指导教师名，5号字，职称

　　4、摘要：用300词，5号字, 英文一页,中文一页

　　5、关键词：不能用专有名词，词与词之间空四格(或一个Tab键)，不加标点符号

　　6、正文：用5号字,

　　大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。

　　大部分用罗马字，小不分用一般数字符号：

　　引言：引入正题，不超过2段

　　I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.

　　II. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 ...

　　III. 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3/ 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, / 3.1.1. …

　　结论

　　7、参考文献(Bibliography)：先英文,后中文

　　作者名，出版年月，文章名/书刊名，出版社，地点

　　9、致谢(Acknowledgement)

　　五、毕业论文质量标准

　　(一)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当;

　　(二)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力;

　　(三)观点正确、逻辑性强、无违反国家大政方针的观点;

　　(四)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富;

　　(五)语言表达正确，无拼写错误、语言错误控制在20-25%00(万分之二十到二十五);

　　(六)用词、造句、谋篇、布局等方面无明显失误，修辞错误率控制在2%。

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