论文英文摘要在哪写
论文中的英文摘要范文【1】
English Abstract and Keywords
Breathe in life are no longer unusual for normal motion, and breathing or panting通俗地说more for the purpose are necessary and sufficient to itch and purifying the blood and put the blood into the lungs breath air action or procedures, as well as the subsequent breath. Similarly, the breathing in Singing is also a normal and usual action can no longer, but the singing of breath and breathing life is different from singing for a very important role. Singing breathing, there are divergent views can not see because of flavor or touched, we can only be understood from the feeling on. Singing in the respiratory conservation and efficient use must follow the principle that the respiratory control. To learn how to control breathing and respiratory control rather than singers. Breathing singing good or bad directly affects the whole. Breathing from the living, but with the life of the great difference between breathing, therefore, to breathe for singing are the cause must be part of their training at the same time, is also singing the foundation can continue.
论文英文摘要在哪写【2】
文摘的种类(Type of Abstracts)
按美国工程信息公司编辑部(Ei编辑部)的分类，文摘分为指示性文摘与信息性文摘，或者两者结合的文摘。
信息性文摘(Information Abstracts)一般包括了原始文献某些重要内容的梗概，主要由以下三部分组成：
(1)目的：主要说明作者写此文章的目的，或说本文主要要解决的问题。
(2)过程及方法：主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。
(3)结果：作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论，如有可能，尽量提一句作者所得结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
信息性文摘多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章，也用于会议录中的会议论文及各种专题技术报告。
指示性文摘(Indicated Abstracts)仅指出文献的综合内容，适用于综述性文献，图书介绍及编辑加工过的`专著等。
综述性文献最常见的如某技术在某时期的综合发展情况;或某技术在目前的发展水平，及未来展望等。
总之这种文献是综述情况而不是某个技术工艺，某产品，或某设备的研究过程。
一般情况下信息性文摘占有绝大部分比例。
文摘长度(Length of the Abstracts)
文摘长一般不超过 150 words，不少于 100 words，少数情况下可以例外，视原文文献而定。
但主题概念不得遗漏，据统计如根据前述三部分写文摘一般都不会小于 100 words。
另外，写，译或校文摘可不受原文文摘的约束。
一般缩短文摘方法如下：
(1)取消不必要的字句：如“It is reported... ”“Extensive investigations show that…”“the
author discusses…”“This paper concerned with…”
(2)对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;
(s)取消或减少背景情况(Background Information)
(4)限制文摘只表示新情况，新内容，过去的研究细节可以取消;
(5)不说废话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”切不可进入文摘;
(6)作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘;
(7)尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元
此外请注意：文摘第一句话切不可与题目(Title)重复，因Ei中每篇文摘记录都是与题目连排的，只是题目用黑体排印，因此可认为题目便是文摘的第一句话，遇到此种重复情况请改写。
例如;不用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE H CENTER IN LIF. A wave function for the H center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular orbits.The…”
而用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE H CENTER IN LIF.a linear combination Of appropriate molecular orbit is assumed.The…”
文体风格(styles)
(1)文摘叙述要简明，逻辑性要强;
(2)句子结构严谨完整，尽量用短句子;
(3)技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准;
(4)用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论;
如：“The structure of dislocaton core in Gap was invstigated by weak-beam electro microscope. The dis- locations are dissoclated into two shokley partial with separations of 80土10 and 40土10 A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.”
(5)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式;
如：用“Thickness of plastic sheets was measured”
不用“Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made”
(6)注意冠词用法，分清a是泛指，the是专指;
如“Pressure is a function of temperature”不应是“Pressure is a function of the temperature ”
“The refinery operates…”不应是“ Refinery operates…”
(7)避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词，可用预置短语分开或用连字符(hyphen)断开名词词组，
作为单位形容词(一个形容词)。
如应用“The cholorine-containing propylene-baseed polymer of high meld index”代替The cholorine con- taining high melt index propylene based polyin.”
(8)不使用俚语，外来语表达概念，应用标准英语;
(9)尽量用主动语态代替被动语态;
如;“A exceed B”优于“B is exceeded by A”
(10)语言要简练，但不得使用电报语言;
如：“Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chronite investigation”应为“Adsorption of nitrobenzene on cop- per chronite was investigated.”
(11)文词要纯朴无华，不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法;
如：“Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam，are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in.”
(12)组织好句子，使动词尽量靠近主语;
例如不用：“The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane，which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation，was no longer irreversible.”
而用：“When the pigment was dissoved in dioxane，decolorization was irreversible after 10hr of UV irra- diation”
(13)用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头;
例如用：“Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experi-mentally.”而不用“From data obtained experimentally，power consumption of telephone switching systems was determind.”
(14)删繁从简;
如用 increase代替 has been found to increase
(15)文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时，尽量列出他们的名字;
(16)文摘词语拼写，用英美拼法都可;但每篇中应保持一致;
(17)英文题目开头第一字不得用 The，And，An和A;
(18)题目中尽量少用缩略词，必要时亦需在括号中注明全称(尽管中文文献题目中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音缩略字)，特殊字符及希腊字母在题目中尽量不用，或少用。
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