英文参考文献格式举例
文献，汉语词语，拼音是wén xiàn，意思为有历史意义或研究价值的图书、期刊、典章。以下是小编精心整理的英文参考文献格式举例，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
【一】陕西师范大学外国语学院英语系
英语教育专业本科生学士学位论文参考文献书写格式
APA Formatting and Style Guide[ This guide is adapted and abridged from the “APA Formatting and Style Guide” written by David Neyhart and Erin Karper,
and last revised by Jodi Wagner,
which is on
APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This guide,
compiled according to the 5th edition of the APA Publication Manual[ The fifth edition of the APA Publication Manual provides expanded coverage of technological advances in publishing,
as well as the most up-to-date information on APA style guidelines and more in-depth coverage of case studies,
tables,
and lots more. Visit
offers examples for the general format of APA research papers,
in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes,
and the reference page.
For more information about formatting an APA style paper,
consult the publication manual,
visit APA Style Essentials,
or view a Sample APA Report or an APA Simulated Journal Article. Annotated bibliography writers might want to visit APA Format for Annotated Bibliographies. (Additional formatting resources,
including Microsoft Word templates,
are available in our Additional Resources section.)
1.In-Text Citations: The Basics
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 207-214 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g.,
Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...
1.1.APA Citation Basics
When using APA format,
follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text,
E.g.,(Jones,1998),
and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material,
or making reference to an entire book,
article or other work,
you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.
1.2.In-Text Citation Capitalization,
Quotes,
and Italics/Underlining
Always capitalize proper nouns,
including author names and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title of a source within your paper,
capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs,
nouns,
pronouns,
adjectives,
and adverbs: Writing New Media,
There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note that in your References list,
only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)
When capitalizing titles,
capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.
Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: “Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock’s Vertigo.”
Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books,
edited collections,
movies,
television series,
documentaries,
or albums: The Closing of the American Mind;
The Wizard of Oz;
Friends.
Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles,
articles from edited collections,
television series episodes,
and song titles: “Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds”;
“The One Where Chandler Can’t Cry.”
1.3.Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work,
you will need to include the author,
year of publication,
and the page number for the reference (preceded by “p.”). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998),
“Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p. 199);
what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase,
place the author’s last name,
the year of publication,
and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated,
“Students often had difficulty using APA style,” (Jones,
1998,
p. 199),
but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
1.4.Long Quotations
Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines,
and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,
indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin,
and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.
Jones’s (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
1.5.Summary or Paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work,
you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference,
but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)
According to Jones (1998),
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones,
1998,
p. 199).
2.Reference List
2.1.Author/Authors
The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your reference list,
regardless of the type of work (book,
article,
electronic resource,
etc.)
2.1.1.Single Author
Last name first,
followed by author initials.
Berndt,
T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science,
11,
7-10.
2.1.2.Two Authors
List by their last names and initials. Use the “&” instead of “and.”
Wegener,
D. T.,
& Petty,
R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,
66,
1034-1048.
2.1.3.Three to Six Authors
List by last names and initials;
commas separate author names,
while the last author name is preceded again by “&”
Kernis,
M. H.,
Cornell,
D. P.,
Sun,
C. R.,
Berry,
A.,
& Harlow,
T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
65,
1190-1204.
2.1.4.More Than Six Authors
If there are more than six authors,
list the first six as above and then “et al.,” which stands for “and others.” Remember not to place a period after “et” in “et al.”
Harris,
M.,
Karper,
E.,
Stacks,
G.,
Hoffman,
D.,
DeNiro,
R.,
Cruz,
P.,
et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing,
44(3),
213-245.
2.1.5.Organization as Author
American Psychological Association. (2003).
2.1.6.Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield,
MA: Merriam-Webster.
NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named,
use a shortened version of the source’s title instead of an author’s name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example,
parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster’s,