语法学习方法
英语学习—语法—一般过去时
谓语动词构成：I/we/you/they worked, he/she/it worked
(1)表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态
We didn’t have classes last week.上周我们没有上课.
(2)表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作
I went to the cinema once a week when i was at school.
我上学时每周去看一次电影.
When i was in the countryside, I often walked by the riverside.
我在乡下时经常去河边散步.
(3)叙述过去连续发生的一件件事
She got up early, fetchet water, cleaned the room and then went out for a walk.
她早早起床,提水,打扫房间然后出去散步.
(4)在条件、时间状语从句中代替过去一般将来时
They side they would let me know as soon as they got there.
他们说只要他们一到达那儿就会马上让我知道.
He side he would not go if it rained.他说如果下雨他就不去.
(5)用于虚拟语气
If only i were a bird.要是我是只鸟就好了.
英语学习—语法—现在完成时
谓语动词构成：I/we/you/they have worked; he/she/it has worked
(1)表示过去某一时刻发生，且延续到现在的动作或状态，这种情况常与表示一段的时间状语连用
We have lived here since last October. 自从去年十月份我们就一直住在这儿。
She has studied English for 5 years. 她学英语已有5年之久
(2) 表示某个已经发生且对现在造成影响或结果的动作，这种情况常不与任何时间状语连用
I'm sorry I have lost my key. I can't open the door.
对不起，我把钥匙弄丢了.门开不了了.
She has left. If you want to see her, you'll have to come tomorrow.
她已经走了.如果你想见她的话，你得明天再来一趟.
英语学习—语法—过去进行时
谓语动词构成：I/he/she/it was working; we/you/they were working
(1)表示过去某一时刻或过去某段时间内正在进行的动作，一般要有表示过去时间的状语
At that time she was working in Oxford. 那时，她正在牛津大学工作.
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning. 今天早晨六点钟天正下着雨.
What were you doing when I phoned you last night? 昨晚我给你打电话时你在干什么？
(2)可用来表示由过去某时持续到另一时间的过去动作
He was studying in Cambridge between 1999 and 2001.
在1999年和2001年那段时间，他在剑桥学习.
From January to March I was traveling in Egypt.
从3月份到4月份期间，我在埃及旅游.
(3)表示故事发生的背景
It was a sunny morning. Some people were sitting on the riverbank. Some were walking with their dogs. Several boys were playing football nearby...
一个阳光明媚的清晨.河堤上坐着几个人.有的人在溜狗.不远处有几个男童在踢足球...
(4)与某些动词连用时，代替过去将来时
这类动词有 come来, go去, leave离开, start开始, stay逗留 等.主语必须是人.
He telephoned me, saying that his aunt was coming to see me soon.
他打电话给我，说他姨很快就要看我了.
五、现在完成时
谓语动词构成：I/we/you/they have worked; he/she/it has worked
(1)表示过去某一时刻发生，且延续到现在的动作或状态，这种情况常与表示一段的时间状语连用
We have lived here since last October. 自从去年十月份我们就一直住在这儿。
She has studied English for 5 years. 她学英语已有5年之久
(2) 表示某个已经发生且对现在造成影响或结果的动作，这种情况常不与任何时间状语连用
I'm sorry I have lost my key. I can't open the door.
对不起，我把钥匙弄丢了.门开不了了.
She has left. If you want to see her, you'll have to come tomorrow.
她已经走了.如果你想见她的话，你得明天再来一趟.
英语学习—语法—现在进行时
谓语动词构成：I am =I’m working , she/he/it is = he’s等 working
, We/you/they are =We’re等working
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m writing a composition.
不要吵闹,我正在写作文.
Let’s set off, it isn’t raining now.咱们出发把,现在天不下雨了.
(2)有时通过上下问可以判断出应采用何种时态
Its four o’clock in the afternoon, the children are playing football on the sports ground.现在是下午4点,孩子们在操场上踢足球.
(3)表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的动作
We are working in a factory these days.这几天我们在一家工厂工作.
They are compiling a dictionary.他们在编一本词典.
(4)在口语中表示主语计划将要做的动作
They are leaving for New York tomorrow.明天他们将要动身前往纽约.
(5)现在进行时与always等副词连用时带有感情色彩
He's always quarrelling with others.他老喜欢跟别人吵架.
She is constantly worrying about her son's health. 她不停地为她儿子的健康担心着.
The boy is forever asking questions.那个男孩老是提问问题.
(6)有的现在进行时句子和一般现在时同义。用现在进行时表示问者的关切心情
How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉如何？
I am looking forward to your next visit.我盼望你下次再来.
Why are you looking so sad? 为什么你看起来这么愁眉苦脸的样子呢？
(7)有的动词用于现在进行时表示“逐渐”的含义
Our study is becoming more interesting. 我们的学习变得越来越有趣了.
The leaves are turning red. 树叶渐渐地变红了.
Wait a moment， I am finishing my supper. 等一会儿，我的晚饭就要吃完了.
(8)“be”动词的现在进行时。“be”动词用于现在进行时表示说话者认为是短暂的`、和平常不一样的、甚至是伪装的.
He is being foolish. 他在装傻.
He is being honest. 他表现得特别老实.
I can't understand why he is being so selfish.我不明白此时他为何如此自私.
英语学习—语法—一般现在时
谓语动词构成：I /we/you/they work , he/she/it works
(1)表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态
My father always reads newspaper after breakfast.我父亲总是在早餐后读报纸.
We often write to each other.我们时常相互通信.
(2)表示主语现在的性格、特征和能力
He works hard.他努力工作.
Does he like sports? 他喜欢体育运动吗?
(3)表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起.
After summer comes autumn.秋天在夏天之后.
(4)表示按计划、规定或时间表将要发生的事
He starts next week.他下个星期出发.
The train starts at 10 o’clock in the morning.火车将在早上10点开出.
(5) 用于状语从句代替一般将来时
I will tell him about it as soon as i see him next Monday.
下个周一我见到他时马上告诉他.
I will get everything ready before my boss comes back.
我要在老板回来之前把一切都准备妥当.
(6)有些动词即使表示现在的动作也不能用现在进行时，也只能用一般现在时
I tell you the truth, i hate to do it.说实话,我讨厌那样做.
I hope the weather would fine.我希望天气会晴朗.
I am looking into the room, and i see a strange man in it.
我往房间里看,看到了房间里一个陌生的男子.
(7)和here、there 连用
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了.
There goes the bell.铃声响了.
(8)一些固定表达发
I promise/ advise / insist/ agree/ refuse/ suggest……
我允诺/建议/强调/同意/拒绝/建议……
(9)描述过去时间的事实。多见于口述或叙述文，以增加生动很真实
He says the river rises higher and higher, breaks the bank and is filling all low place.他说河水越涨越高，漫过河岸，淹没低洼地.
直接与间接引语
Part I：单词与短语
a dinner party晚宴；hostess n.女主人；sit next to sb.挨着某人坐；unsmiling adj.不苟言笑的；tight adj.紧身的；take one's seat （动词短语）就座；fix on sth. （动词结构）集中在……上；plate n.盘子；in a short time一会儿功夫；busy doing忙于做某事；make conversation with sb 与某人交谈；in despair 绝望中，绝望之下
Part II：语法学习
1.直接引语与间接引语的相互转换示例
示例1：I said to her, “A new play is coming to the Globe soon.”
I said to her that a new play was coming to the Globe soon.
示例2：I asked her, “Will you be seeing it?”
I asked her whether she would be seeing it.
示例3：“Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?” I asked her.
I asked her if she would be spending her holidays abroad that year.
示例4：“Will you be staying in England?” I asked her.
I asked her if she would be staying in England.
示例5：In despair, I asked her, “Are you enjoying your dinner?”
In despair, I asked her if she was enjoying her dinner.
示例6：“Young man,” she answered, “if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.”
She answered that if I had eaten more and talked less, we would have both enjoyed our dinner.
2.虚拟语气
承接刚刚讲过的内容：虚拟语气的本质就是“说废话”。这里，我们开始探讨“说废话”的几种情况：
第一，在表示虚拟的条件句中“对现在事实说废话”，此时，主句也要做相应的变化予以配合。
示例：If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.（实际情况呢，没钱！）
第二，在表示虚拟的条件句中“对过去事实说废话”，此时，主句也要做相应的变化予以配合。
示例：If you had told me the truth earlier, I would not have acted like that.（实际情况呢，你没告诉我，而我呢，也就那样做了！）
第三，在表示虚拟的条件句中“对将来事实说废话”，此时，主句也要做相应的变化予以配合。
示例：If I were to die tomorrow, I would not sleep tonight.（实际情况呢？身体棒着呢！明天不可能死，今晚呢，也就会照常呼呼大睡！）
Part III：综合训练
Last week （1） a dinner party, the hostess asked me （2） sit next to a Mrs. Rumbold. She was a big, （3 unsmile） lady （4） a tight black dress. She did not even look （5） （6） I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were （7 fix） （8） her plate （9） in a short time, she was busy （10 eat）. I tried to make a conversation. 'A new play is coming to the Globe. Will you （11） seeing it?' 'No,' she answered. 'Will you （12） spending your holidays abroad this year?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. 'Will you （13） staying in England （14） Christmas?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. （15） despair, I asked her （16） she was enjoying her dinner （17） she answered 'Young man, （18） you （19 eat） more （20） （21 talk） less, we （22） both enjoy our dinner.'
答案：
（1） at; （2） to; （3） unsmiling; （4） in; （5） up;
（6） when; （7） fixed; （8） on; （9） and; （10） eating;
（11） be; （12） be; （13） be; （14） for; （15） In;
（16） whether//if; （17） and; （18） if; （19） ate; （20） and;
（21） talked; （22） would
Part IV：句子翻译
英语中必须掌握的连词
史上最多解法的英文歧义句
从句与先行词一致原则
1. 上周在一次晚宴上，女主人让我坐在一位Rumbold夫人旁边。
2. 这位夫人是个大块头、不苟言笑的人，身穿一件黑色紧身衣。
3. 我在她身旁就座时她连头都没抬一下。
4. 她两眼紧盯着盘子，一会儿功夫，她就忙着吃上了。
5. 我试着跟她攀谈。
6. 一部新剧就要在环球剧院演出了，你准备去看吗？
7. 你今年准备去国外度假吗？
8. 绝望中，我问她是否吃得尽兴，她回答说：“年青人，如果你多吃饭少讲话，我们两人就都会吃得尽兴了。”
答案：
1. Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to a Mrs. Rumbold.
2. She was a big, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
3. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her.
4. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating.
5. I tried to make a conversation.
6. A new play is coming to the Globe, and will you be seeing it?
7. Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?
8. In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner and she answered 'Young man, if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.'
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